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written
landmarks: account of George Cassuto
On these pages you will find the content of all kinds of family documents or excerpts or summaries of them; some in original form, some abridged or edited for readability. page 4b. George Cassuto Izn.: his memories of WW II |
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page 1. letter Max Oct. 28 1945 page 1a. letter Max Nov. 19/20 1945 page 1b. letters Max December 1945 page 2. letter Ies and Lien Cassuto 1945 page 3. report Puck Cassuto about Pacific war, part 1 page 3b. report Puck Cassuto about Pacific war, part 2 page 3a.first letter Puck Cassuto + Albert v. Zuiden after Pacific war page 4. George Cassuto Izn.: his memories of WW II; until hiding page 4a. George Cassuto Izn.: his memories of WW II, first time in hiding page 4b. George Cassuto Izn.: his memories of WW II, 1943 and 1944 page 4c. George Cassuto Izn.: his memories of WW II, liberation and aftermath page 4d. George Cassuto Izn.: his memories of WW II, impact on later life page 5. Hetty Winkel page 6. Kamp Moentilan page 7. 1941: Ies Cassuto in het Oranjehotel |
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The interview
is in dutch but in time I will provide for a summary in English.
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The interview
starts with a description by George of the family and its immediate past,
mainly in the colony of the Dutch East Indies, from which the family returned
to Holland in 1934. There passed a happy period, until the war broke out. U zag uw broer terug? Ja, hij heette
toen Jo Schut bleek toen. Dat was zijn onderduiknaam. Het waren
hele vrome protestantse Christenenen. Ik was tot op dat moment voornamelijk
ondergedoken geweest bij een vroom katholiek gezin. Dit waren vrome protestantse
Christenen met Johannes de Heer liederen en al dat soort zaken. Aardige
mensen
.. een van de zeven kinderen was tewerkgesteld in Duitsland
en de andere zes waren nog in Nederland en ze waren merkwaardigerwijs
nog allemaal thuis hoewel ze dus 24, 22, 19 enzovoorts waren. Het was
een vrolijk gezin, heel aardig en mijn broer had het daar zeer naar zijn
zin. Begreep ik wel. Nou mijn broer bleek dus besmet te zijn met de christelijke godsdienst; inmiddels hij was vreselijk vroom, je nou nu zeggen een EO-er in deze tijd. En dat kwam natuurlijk erg goed van pas bij die mensen van de vergadering van gelovigen. Nou ja, op een gegeven moment hoorde de Schoutens, dat mijn ouders op bezoek zouden komen, vanuit hun onderduikadres in Leiden, want er was wat geregeld door de ondergrondse: ik mocht daar, bij mijn ouders, ook terechtkomen; op die basis zat ik ook bij de Schoutens, met het vooruitzicht dat ik daar zou komen, op de Van Sanden Bakhuislaan nr. zoveel in Leiden, waar m'n ouders ondergedoken zaten. En mijn ouders die nooit op straat kwamen, kwamen nu bij hoge uitzondering wel op straat om met de familie Van Schouten af te spreken hoe het nou precies zou gaan. Het zou nog een paar dagen duren en dan zouden ze naar de Van Sanden Bakhuislaan komen. Terwijl
zij met mevr. Schouten in de woonkeuken aan het spreken waren, waar ik
bij was natuurlijk en mijn broer zat er ook bij, de rest van het gezin
was afwezig, kwam er ineens een overval, de landwacht kwam mannen van
boven de 16 ophalen! En wij zaten
daar dus in het donker, terwijl drie landwachters het huis doorzochten,
een van hen sprak met mevrouw Schouten, een van de anderen rende naar
boven en die heeft mijn broer gepakt die 25 jaar oud was en de derde deed
de deur open vanuit de voorkamer naar de alkoof kamer. Even later
hoorde we stemmen die zich verwijderden, mevrouw Schouten deed de deur
open vanuit de woonkeuken en zei, ze zijn weg en ze hebben Ernest meegenomen.
Waar uw man is weet ik niet zei ze tegen m'n moeder. Mijn broer
is overgebracht naar Den Haag, en heeft, want zo bizar was hij dus, verteld
dat hij joods was, later zei de SD man dat hij daarmee eigenlijk z'n vonnis
had getekend. En toen
kwam hij uiteindelijk terecht op het Haagse Veer in Rotterdam, waar de
mensen bij elkaar werden geveegd om naar Westerbork te worden gebracht. Nou mijn
broer heeft daar gewerkt tot 3 mei. Toen heeft een bewaker, die hem afmarcheerde,
hem los gelaten ergens onderweg in Rotterdam en zo heeft mijn broer het
overleefd. Vanaf september
1944 werd daar geweldig gebombardeerd, op de brug van het Rijn en Schiekanaal,
waar het huis van de Hof's precies recht tegenover lag. En zo zijn
wij dus verhuisd met onze gastheer en gastvrouw, wat ik zeer gewaardeerd
heb van ze, naar die andere wijk van Leiden, waar we nu terechtkwamen,
en waar de honger steeds erger werd, want we zijn inmiddels in januari
1944-1945 en ik bezweek toen min of meer aan de bacteriële dysenterie,
dat wil zeggen ik bezweek in die zin, dat ik buiten westen kwam en daar
dus 24 uur volledig in een soort van , ja, ik weet niet hoe je dat noemt,
bewusteloze toestand lag. Toen ben
ik op 18 maart in de Breestraat in Leiden op de fiets gezet en heb ik
een aantal Duitse wachtposten gepasseerd zonder lastig gevallen te zijn. The following story I derive from the "Shealtiel Gazette", to which George Cassuto communicated the story about the raid ibn the Groenesteeg in Leiden he describes above; I offer it in addition to his telling it on the Spielberg tape; his version on the tape strikes me as more vivid and containing more detail
My brother, ernest, born during my parents' stay in Indonesia, was ten years my senior. This is a story of his valour in the face of the most fearsome pressures. The family came back to the Netherlands in 1934, when my father had completed his task as the Rector of the school for training the (future Indonesian) government officials on Java. Back in Holland we settled for the time being in The Hague. There we were living a quiet life, when in 1940 the Nazis occupied our country. Gradually they implemented anti-Jewish measures. In April 1941 my father was arrested by the SD (Sicherheitdienst or Security Police) because he was the president of the parent's committee of my brother's school. For a few days it had been forbidden for Jews to hold any official function. Being in a parent's committee was such a function! A few months later Jewish children weren't permitted any longer to go to school. A year later the Nazis started the Razzias (round-ups) of the Jewish people of Holland. My father was arrested at our house by Franz Fischer - an officer of the SD - and Dad was held for three weeks. After his release, the Nazis announced that the Jews were to be rounded up and sent to so-called work camps in Germany and Poland. But my father said: "We don't believe them. What they want to do with us will be much worse!" We could well understand why Dad decided not to let himself and us be recaptured by the Nazis. So in the course of 1942, we all four went into hiding thanks to the help and the co-operation of the Dutch underground. First Ernest disappeared, a few months afterwards my parents and then myself. I was twelve years old by then. Sometimes we hid at the same address, sometimes separately. For example: in July 1944 we were in three separate places. My parents were hidden at a house of a young couple with a baby in the outskirts of the city of Leyden. And I was in the country, not far from Leyden, with a large devout Christian family with lots of children. They were cheerful folk! All of a sudden I was told that the people who were putting up my Mom and Dad were willing to take me in too - but not for a few weeks! For the interim, the underground workers suggested that I should stay in the house where my brother was in the city of Leyden . We had not seen each other for more than two years. So we two brothers were overjoyed when we were united! On September 1st I had been with my brother for a few weeks. Our parents, who seldom went outdoors, came to our hiding place in order to take me to their refuge for good. Whilst my parents were talking with my hostess three armed men suddenly broke into the house and shouted "We are looking for men above sixteen years old who will be sent to Germany for hard labour!" They ran through the house, searching. But the only ones there were our hostess and my family: Mom and Dad, my brother and I. In the midst of all the confusion, my father went outside, without anybody paying attention. Our hostess talked to the intruders in the kitchen/living room. Between the kitchen and the drawing room there was a kind of alcove bedroom. There, on the bed my mother and I set ourselves down, fleeing before the raiders. One of them opened the door to our shelter, looked at us with a glazed expression and shut the door again. We heard them leave the house. They had caught my brother, who was then 24 years old. My father, my mother and I escaped to the house where my parents had found shelter. After the war we heard that ten minutes after the raiders' departure they came back to the house where they had set upon us because they suddenly realised that my mother and I had been Jewish people in hiding! But we three remained undiscovered, surviving the starvation of the following winter of 1944-5 to be liberated by Allied troops on 5th May, 1945. As for our host-family, the Nazis left them in peace. And the Nazis never learned of us from Ernest. Despite brutal interrogation, he told them nothing of the whereabouts of his family. My brother was a brave man: he never betrayed anybody! Afterwards we heard that Dutch "Quislings" handed my brother over to the German SD who would have sent him via the camp of Westerbork (in Holland) to Auschwitz. But at the beginning of September the railway strike organised by the Dutch resistance started. So the transport to Westerbork was cancelled and my brother remained in the SD prison, where he survived, also ultimately to be liberated by the Allied forces. George
Cassuto
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